Distal-third forearm fractures are common injuries that occur in the lower segment of the radius and ulna, typically within 3 to 5 centimeters from the wrist. These fractures often result from traumatic events, such as falls where an individual attempts to break their fall with an outstretched hand, sporting activities, or motor vehicle accidents, all of which generate significant forces on the forearm. The mechanism of injury can lead to various fracture patterns, including displaced, non-displaced, spiral, or comminuted types, often influencing treatment decisions. The prevalence of these injuries is notably higher among children and elderly populations due to differences in bone density and the incidence of falls; children's bones, while more flexible, may fracture under shear forces, whereas older adults, particularly those with conditions like osteoporosis, are more susceptible to stress fractures from low-energy impacts. Clinically, patients with distal-third forearm fractures present with pain, swelling, and limited range of motion. There may also be signs of deformity, characterized by an observable angulation or displacement of the forearm, necessitating radiographic imaging to confirm the diagnosis and assess fracture alignment. The two primary goals of treatment are to achieve proper anatomical alignment and to facilitate optimal functional recovery. Initial management may involve immobilization using a cast or splint for stable, non-displaced fractures, while more severe cases or displaced fractures may require surgical intervention, such as open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) to realign the bones and ensure stability. Post-operative rehabilitation is crucial, involving gradual restoration of strength and range of motion, which can take several weeks to months depending on the severity of the fracture and the patient's age and overall health status. Complications such as malunion, nonunion, or loss of function can arise if the fracture is not properly treated, highlighting the significance of timely and effective medical intervention. In pediatric patients, growth plate involvement may pose additional risks, potentially affecting future limb growth and development. Long-term prognosis is generally favorable when appropriate care is provided; however, delayed healing or longstanding pain can lead to chronic issues affecting daily activities. As a result, understanding and promptly addressing distal-third forearm fractures is vital for enhancing patient outcomes and ensuring effective recovery, enabling individuals to return to their usual activities and minimizing the potential for recurring injuries in the future. Overall, awareness of the implications of these fractures on functional health and mobility underscores the importance of prevention strategies, particularly for populations at risk.
